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AKA callback hell, temple of doom, often the functions that are nested are anonymous and often they are implicit closures. When it comes to asynchronicity in JavaScript, callbacks are our bread and butter. In saying that, often the best way to use them is by abstracting them behind more elegant APIs.
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Now establishing the formal definition has been quite an interesting journey, with quite a few sources not quite getting it right. Although the ES3 spec talks about closure, there is no formal definition of what it actually is. The ES5 spec on the other hand does discuss what closure is in two distinct locations.
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Recently I’ve undertaken the task of reviewing some JavaScript MV* frameworks to help organise/structure the client side code within an application I’m currently working on. This is about the third time I’ve done this. Each time has been for a different type of application with completely different requirements, frameworks and libraries to consider. Unlike Angular and Ember, Backbone is a small library. Marionette adds quite a lot of extra functionality and provides some nice abstractions on top . All mentioned frameworks/libraries are free and open source.